Cellular metabolism or biochemical reactions are essential for the cell’s survival. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) are a consequence of normal cellular metabolism in living tissues. All living organisms especially aerobes have inherent capacity to maintain homeostasis via neutralizing or scavenging reactive intermediate molecules or free radicals. Antioxidant defence system is one of the most important parts of protective mechanisms of mammalian cellular system. Increased production of oxidant radicals or reduced cellular antioxidant system or both lead to oxidative stress resulting in damage to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The oxidative stress alters the cellular functions which may lead to various pathological conditions including acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, cancer, neurological and cardiovascular disorders, etc. To restore the normal functioning of cellular enzymes, transporter and structural proteins, a balance between cellular level of oxidant and antioxidant is essential. This balance is maintained by non-enzymatic and enzymatic components of cellular antioxidant system. In non-enzymatic components sulfhydryl (thiol group) containing compounds like glutathione, cystine, methionine, present in intra & extracellular compartments play a significant role in scavenging these radicals. Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, etc. are also present in cells and neutralizes the threat posed by different oxidants and radicals. In this book, estimation of different antioxidant biomarkers along with their pathophysiological significance in cellular homeostasis in different disorders is discussed. Various cellular damage indicators are also discussed in detail for assessing the extent of damage produced by the drug/toxicant exposure in different organs and disease progression. This book has been presented with updated contents in a simple, lucid and comprehensive manner for the professionals working in the area of antioxidant biomarkers in human and animals. The information contained herein is presented with great enthusiasm, particularly for the students preparing to dedicate their carriers to this intriguing and fascinating scientific discipline.
Dr. Pawan Kumar Verma is presently working as a Professor in Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, R S Pura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu. He did his graduation (BVSc & AH) from G. B. Pant University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Pant Nagar. He was awarded Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi during MVSc program (2001-2003) at Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP. He completed Ph.D. program from SKUAST-Jammu. He has the teaching and research experience of more than 19 years. Dr Verma is recipient of Young Scientist Award 2011 by Department of Science & Technology (J&K state), Associate Member, National Academy of Veterinary Sciences (NAVS), Associate Fellowship -2019 by Indian Society of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology (ISVPT), Research Excellence Award in 2019; Distinguished Scientist Award 2020; Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Best Teacher Award 2023, NESA Scientist Award in 2023 and Dr. K.M. Sujotia Memorial Award in 2023 due to his outstanding contribution in the field of Pharmacology & Toxicology in addition to number of poster & oral presentation awards during the national and international conferences. Dr Verma also received Fellow, National Environmental Science Academy (NESA), New Delhi; Academy of Sciences for Animal Welfare in 2022 and Scholars Academic and Scientific Society due to his contribution to sciences for animal welfare. Dr Verma worked as a Guest Faculty in different Universities viz. GADVASU-Ludhiana, DUVASU-Mathura and Member of board of studies Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, SKUAST-Jammu, Expert members, BHU-Banaras, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi, etc. Dr Pawan also acted as a resource person for various training/ workshop/ short courses / winter school within the University and outside. He has also worked as a Visiting Professor, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom in 2023 under National Agricultural Higher Education Project (NAHEP), ICAR, New Delhi. Presently, Prof. Verma is working in the areas of interactive toxicological potential of agrochemicals and metals and their attenuation by use of medicinal herbs in various experimental models. He is the Principal Investigator of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi sponsored project and Co-PI in two Extramural projects sponsored by Department of Sciences and Technology (DST), New Delhi funded research projects and four University funded research projects. He has published more than 160 research publications (h-index 26, i10-55) in International and National Journals of repute with more than 2000 citations. He has authored 06 books, 04 manuals and 35 book chapters in text books and proceedings of conferences and winter/ summer schools. He has guided 3 MVSc and 1 PhD student as a Major Advisor and Member, advisory committee of 29 post-graduate students. He is the executive member in different societies ISVPT, Society of Toxicology (STOX) India, Managing Editor, Toxicology International and Member Secretary, Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, R S Pura. He is lifetime member of ISVPT, STOX, APPI, ISACP and Indian Science Congress (ISC) Association, National Academy of Biological Sciences (NABS), Indian Pharmacological Society (IPS), Society for Community Mobilization for Sustainable Development, Indian Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Research (IAAVR), National Environmental Science Academy (NESA), Laboratory Animal Scientists Association (LASA), etc. He is the Editorial Board member, Advisor and Reviewer for various National and International Journals. Dr Verma has also co-jointly organized 13th ISVPT conference, international e-Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences 2020 & 2022 and ICAR sponsored short courses and National seminars.
1 Pathophysiological Analysis of Reactive Oygen Species ..............1
2 Total Thiols and Their Role in Antioxidant System.....................11
3 Applications of Glutathione in Cellular Dysfunctions ................17
4 Role of Glutathione Reductase in Thiol Homeostasis..................25
5 Multifunctional Role and Significance of GlutathioneS-Transferase......................................................................................31
6 Isotypes and Pathophysiological Role of Glutathione Peroxidases.........................................................................................37
7 Role and Significance of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase .................................................................................47
8 Catalase Activities in Regulation of Hydrogen Peroxide ...........51
9 Subtypes and Assaying of Superoxide Dismutase.......................57
10 Myeloperoxidase Activity and Its Significance in Stress.............63
11 Nitric Oxide: Pathophysiological Role and Its Modulation........69
12 Significance and Role of Ceruloplasmin Activity ........................77
13 Uric Acid - An Antioxidant Biomarker .........................................83
14 Cellular Damage Indicators (Lipids, Proteins and DNA)...........89
