The book titled “Global Soil and Climate (An Overview)” offers a comprehensive knowledge to the graduates and post-graduates in the field of Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry and Allied sciences. In this book in five chapters, given information about the climate of America, Africa, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Japan and Australia. Further in detail mentioned rivers of the African continent, European continent, North American continent, South American continent, Asian continent, Australian continent were discussed, In other chapter, Forests on the Earth mentioned about Influence of Climate on Forests, Climate Change Impact on Forest, Effects of Temperature, Precipitation, and CO2 Concentration Change, Impact of Climate Change on Forest Sector, Forest environment, Influence of forests on climatic conditions, edaphic conditions, Forest on biotic conditions, forest on pollution. Further, causes of global warming and solutions of global warming in Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Latin America, North America, Polar regions, Small Islands. In chapter, Soils of the World in different heading mentioned about Soil Classification, Influence of Climate on Soils, Approaches of Soil Study, Rock Minerals and Weathering, Chemical weathering of rocks, Biological process of weathering, Weathering of minerals, Soil formation, Soil Profile, Physical Properties of Soil, Soil Texture, Soil Structure, Soil Colloids, Soil moisture, Soil Water Potential, Role of Organic Matter Soil Reaction, Types of Soil Colloids. This book is the outcome of the inner zeal of authors to provide required information in the form of such a meaningful book which can be referred by the students, researchers, scientific community and farmers fraternity and extension professionals.
Dr. S. V. Patil, Dean, College of Horticulture, Bidar was born on 01 June, 1969 in Gulbarga District, Karnataka, India. He obtained his B.Sc. (Agri.) degree from College of Agriculture, Raichur during the year 1991, M.Sc. (Agri.) in Agronomy from UAS, Dharwad during the year 1994, Ph.D. in Agronomy from UAS, Dharwad during the year 2011 and PGDAEM from MANAGE, Hyderabad during the year 2014 with good academic records. He has undergone International training on Potato for a period of 10 weeks in IAC, Wageningen, Netherland during the year 2003. He has also undergone MASHAV International Course on “Agro Ecological Approaches for Sustainable Intensive Agriculture” at MATC, Hotel Kibbutz Shefayim-6099000, Israel from 21st October, 2018 to 09th November, 2018. He has attended International Conference on Global Initiatives for Sustainable Development: Issues and Strategies from June 23-27, 2019 at Bangkok, Thailand and gave a guest lecture as an invitee on ‘Importance of Water Use in Sustainable Organic Agriculture’. He has in credit to attend training on “Innovative pedagogical designs to augment entrepreneurial competency and employability under NAHEP-IDP” during 30 January, 2023 to 14 February, 2023 at Tampere University, Finland. He has an experience for over 29 years in teaching, research and extension. He has published about 78 scientific full length papers in National and International Journals as author/co-author, about 32 papers presented in National and International Symposium as author/co-author and 9 books. Eighteen technologies have been released as co-principal investigator in package of practice book of UAS, Bangalore and UHS, Bagalkot. He has been awarded in the year 2005: Best Farm Superintendent Award, UAS, Bangalore. In 2011: Fellow of Hind Agri-horticultural Society (FHAS), Hind Agri-horticultural Society, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.). In 2014: Best Agricultural Scientist, Shree Lingaraj Vividoddesh Sasanshte (R), Bharatinagar, Dharwad. In 2015: Outstanding Faculty in Agronomy, Venus International Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research and Design, Chennai. In 2017: Dr. S.B. Dandin Best Extension Scientist Award, UHS, Bagalkot. In 2018: SCIRE Recognition Agronomist, SCIRE Science Society, Kerala. In 2019, obtained: Distinguished Scientist Award, Gochar Educational and Welfare Society (R), Saharanpur, UP, India in 2022, he obtained Kalyan Karnataka Ratna Award from Shikshan Vignana Mas Patrikey, Karnataka. In 2023, received Best Academician Award from ISAHRD and Just Agriculture Education Group, Chandigargh for his achievements in the field of Research, Extension and Teaching in the career.
Dr. G. R. Rajkumar, Associate Professor (Soil Sciences), is working at College of Agriculture, Dharwad, born on 28 May, 1968 in Chitradurga, Karnataka, India. He has completed B.Sc. (Agri.) from College of Agriculture, Raichur, Karnataka during the year 1991, M.Sc. (Agri.) in Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry from UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka during the year 1994 and Ph.D. in Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry from UAS, Dharwad during the year 2000 with good academic records. He has undergone National training on Soil Health Management at JNKVV, Jabalpur during the year 2014. He has an experience for over 21 years in TRE (Teaching Research and Extension). He has published more than 25 scientific full length papers in National and International Journals as author/co-author and nine papers presented in symposium, written four text books for students and 32 popular articles and involved as Co-investigator in three projects and developed technologies which are included in package of practices book, UAS, Dharwad. Presently, he is involved in Land Resource Inventory and REWARD Project, UAS, Dharwad and NICRA Project, Haveri as a Co-investigator.
Dr. Ambresh, Assistant Professor and Head Department of Vegetable Science College of Horticulture, Bidar. Graduated from UAS, Dharwad and did his post-graduation from UHS, Bagalkot, PGDHRM from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, during the year 2013. He has published about 21 scientific full length papers in National and International Journals as author/co-author, about 2 papers presented in National and International Symposium as author/co-author and 3 technologies have been released as Co-principal Investigator in package of practice book of UHS, Bagalkot.
I. Climate ...................................................................................................1
1. Introduction to Climate ................................................................1
1.1 Weather and Climate........................................................................2
1.2 The Climate System.........................................................................3
1.3 Atmosphere......................................................................................5
1.4 Ocean...............................................................................................7
1.5 Ocean’s Climate Patterns.................................................................8
1.6 Paleoclimate...................................................................................10
1.7 The Last Two Millennia.................................................................10
1.8 The Ice Ages..................................................................................11
2. The Carbon ..................................................................................12
2.1 Carbon Cycle .................................................................................13
2.2 The Natural Carbon Cycle.............................................................13
2.3 Anthropogenic Carbon ..................................................................14
2.4 Carbonate Chemistry and Ocean Acidification .............................15
2.5 Atmospheric Circulation................................................................17
3. The Hydrological Cycle...............................................................19
3.1 Ocean Circulation..........................................................................22
4. Electromagnetic Radiation .........................................................24
4.1 Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter..................25
4.2 The Greenhouse Effect ..................................................................26
4.3 Earth’s Energy Budget...................................................................28
4.4 Radiative Forcing, Feedback Processes & Climate Sensitivity.....28
5. Climate Sensitivity and Climate change....................................30
5.1 Ecosystem Distribution..................................................................30
5.2 Influence of Climate Change on Hydrological Cycle....................32
5.3 Vulnerable Effect of Climate Change............................................34
5.4 Facts about Climate Change..........................................................35
II. Rivers of the World .............................................................................39
1. Rivers in African Continent...........................................................39
2. Rivers in European Continent........................................................40
3. Rivers in North American Continent.............................................40
4. Rivers in South American Continent ............................................41
5. Rivers in Asian Continent..............................................................41
5.1 Rivers in India ...............................................................................43
5.2 Rivers are Mainly Fed by Rain......................................................45
5.3 Important River of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu: Kaveri River ......46
6. Rivers in Australian Continent ......................................................48
7. Rivers in Antarctic Continent ........................................................49
8. Influence of Climate on Rivers......................................................55
9. Global Changes in River flow .......................................................55
III. Forests on the Earth............................................................................59
1. Low-latitude Climates ..................................................................59
2. Mid-latitude Climates ...................................................................60
3. High-latitude Climates...................................................................61
4. Influence of Climate on Forests and Vice-Versa............................62
5. Climate Change Impact on Forests................................................63
6. Influence of Forests on Climatic Conditions.................................65
7. Influence of Forest on Edaphic Conditions...................................66
8. Influence of Forest on Biotic Conditions.......................................68
9. Sanitary Influence of Forest...........................................................68
IV. Global Warming ..................................................................................71
1. Greenhouse Gases..........................................................................71
2. Solutions to Global Warming ........................................................71
V. Soils of the World ................................................................................75
1. Soil Classification.........................................................................75
2. Influence of Climate on Soils .....................................................77
2.1 Soil is an Important Part of the Carbon Cycle ..............................78
2.2 Climate and Soil ............................................................................79
2.3 Definition of Soil ...........................................................................83
2.4 Approaches of Soil Study..............................................................83
2.5 Physical Weathering of Rocks.......................................................85
2.6 Action of Wind ..............................................................................87
2.7 Chemical Weathering of Rocks.....................................................87
2.8 Chemical Processes of Weathering ...............................................88
3. Biological Weathering of Rocks..................................................90
3.1 Higher Plants and Roots................................................................91
3.2 Microorganisms.............................................................................91
3.3 Weathering of Minerals.................................................................91
4. Top of Form..................................................................................93
4.1 Passive Soil Forming Factors ........................................................93
4.2 Parent Material ..............................................................................93
4.3 Endodynamomorphic Soils...........................................................94
4.4 Ectodynamomorphic Soils............................................................94
4.5 Relief or Topography.....................................................................95
4.6 Soil Formation on Flat to almost Flat Position..............................95
4.7 Soil Formation on Undulating Topography...................................96
4.8 Soil Formation in Depression........................................................96
4.9 Soil Formation and Exposure / Aspect..........................................96
4.10 Time..............................................................................................96
5. Active Soil Forming Factors.......................................................97
5.1 Climate ..........................................................................................97
5.2 Precipitation...................................................................................98
5.3 Temperature...................................................................................98
5.4 Organism & Vegetation.................................................................98
6. Soil Forming Processes................................................................99
6.1 Fundamental of Soil forming Processes......................................100
6.2 Decalcification.............................................................................101
6.3 Gleization.....................................................................................102
6.4. Salinization..................................................................................103
6.5 Desalinization..............................................................................103
6.6 Solonization or Alkalization........................................................103
6.7 Solodization or Dealkalization....................................................103
6.8. Pedoturbation...............................................................................104
7. Soil Profile ..................................................................................104
7.1 Master Horizons and Sub-horizons ............................................105
8. Physical Properties of Soil ........................................................106
9. Soil Texture.................................................................................107
10. Soil Structure .............................................................................114
11. Effect of Soil Structure on other Physical Properties.............119
12. Soil Colloids................................................................................121
13. Soil Moisture ..............................................................................125
14. Water Potential ..........................................................................127
15. Soil Water Potential...................................................................135
16. Soil Organic Matter ..................................................................143
17. Role of Organic Matter .............................................................146
18. Soil Reaction...............................................................................148
19. Influence of Soil Reaction on Availability of Nutrients..........153
20. Ion Exchange .............................................................................155
21. Types of Soil Colloids ................................................................158
References...........................................................................................163
