Lab Manual of Plant Protection is a comprehensive practical manual designed to provide students with foundational and advanced laboratory skills in the key disciplines of Plant Pathology, Nematology and Entomology. This book serves as an essential resource for undergraduate and post-graduate students of agriculture, horticulture, and allied sciences who are engaged in the study of plant health management.
The book is organized into three major sections:
• Plant Pathology: This section introduces practical methods for the isolation, culturing, and microscopic examination of plant pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It also includes exercises on disease diagnosis and identification of symptoms in various crops.
• Nematology: This portion offers hands-on training in the extraction, staining, and microscopic study of plant-parasitic nematodes. Exercises are aimed at understanding nematode life cycles, their role in crop loss, and integrated management strategies.
• Entomology: This segment provides detailed protocols for insect collection, preservation, and classification. Emphasis is given to the study of insect morphology, identification of major pest species, and their significance in crop production systems.
Each chapter in the book includes clearly defined objectives, materials required, detailed procedures, observations, and conclusions. The content is further enriched with diagrams, illustrations, and tables to facilitate better understanding and practical application.
Whether used in classroom laboratories, field demonstrations, or research training programs, Lab Manual of Plant Protection will serve as a dependable guide for learners and educators alike. It encourages the development of diagnostic and analytical skills, essential for effective plant protection and integrated pest management practices.
This book stands as a step toward empowering students with practical competence, critical thinking, and scientific insight into the real-world challenges of crop protection.
Dr. Anurag Shukla currently holds the position of Assistant Professor in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Possessing a commendable seven year tenure that intertwines the realms of education and research, he accomplished his academic journey by obtaining his bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. degrees in the field of Plant Pathology, all hailing from CSAUA&T, Kanpur. His doctoral research unfolded at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research in Kanpur, where he delved into the intricate molecular diversity of Rhizoctonia bataticola. Dr. Shukla's erudition extends further, having successfully completed the MOOC MOBI program at IIT, Kanpur. His literary contributions are not to be understated, for he has authored five books and produced numerous research papers featured in esteemed international and national journals. Additionally, he has presented abstracts at diverse conferences, showcasing his scholarly prowess. Dr. Shukla is also known for his deep-rooted values and active involvement in social and cultural organizations. He is a senior and dedicated member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP).
Dr. Omendra Sharma is currently serving as a Teaching Associate in Entomology at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology (CSAUA&T), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. He holds both his B.Sc. (Hons.) in Agriculture and M.Sc. in Entomology from the same prestigious institution. With extensive experience in teaching various subjects in entomology, Dr. Sharma has been actively involved in courses, such as Insect Taxonomy, Insect Physiology, Morphology, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Biological Control, Crop Pests, Apiculture, Sericulture, and Lac Culture. He has also contributed significantly to the academic community through numerous research publications and popular science articles. His dedication to teaching and passion for entomology make him a valued educator and contributor to the field.
Prof. Rama Kant Dwivedi is a distinguished Nematologist and retired Professor from the Department of Entomology, CSAUA&T, Kanpur. With a career spanning several decades, he has made significant contributions to teaching, research, and extension in the field of plant protection. He has authored numerous books, research papers, and articles, many of which are widely used by students and researchers across the globe. Dr. Dwivedi has successfully guided many students of M.Sc. and Ph.D., and many of whom hold prestigious positions in academia and research. A respected academician and mentor, Dr. Dwivedi is also known for his deep-rooted values and active involvement in social and cultural organizations. He is a senior and dedicated member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), reflecting his commitment to national service and cultural heritage. His lifelong dedication to both science and society continues to inspire generations of students, scholars, and fellow citizens.
Prof. Gyanendra Singh Parihar, a retired Professor and Scientist from CSAUA&T, Kanpur, boasts 32 years of teaching and research experience in different related disciplines like Agro-metrology, Agroforestry, Soil Conservation and Agronomy. His leadership as the representative of the faculty of agriculture for twelve consecutive years and his role as a vigilance officer for four years highlight his commitment to advancing agricultural education and research while maintaining integrity and ethics. His expertise is evident through his involvement in various committees and recognition with the Eminent Scientist Award at the NCRTNFBASE-2020 National Conference. With eleven research papers in international and national journals, sixteen popular articles and abstracts, and participation in fourteen trainings and workshops, Dr. Parihar showcases his dedication to scholarly output and continuous professional development. Moreover, his contributions extend to knowledge dissemination in Hindi, with ten articles published in reputed Hindi magazines. Dr. Parihar's career epitomizes dedication to academia, research, leadership, integrity, and knowledge dissemination, marking him as an illustrious figure in the field of teaching and research.
EXPERIMENTS OF PATHOLOGY
Directions for Working in Laboratory .....................................................3
1. To Study About the Compound Microscope its Definition, Parts, Uses and Precautions .....................................................................5
2 To Study About the Plant Pathology Lab Equipment’s, Their Properties, Uses and Precautions ...........................................................9
3 To Study About the Slide Preparation Its Procedure and Precautions ............................................................................................21
4 To Study About the Gram Staining with Given Bacterial Sample Its Procedure and Precautions ...............................................................25
5 To Study About the Bacterial Flagella Staining Its Procedure and Precautions .....................................................................................29
6 To Study About the Preparation of Different Media for the Culturing Plant Pathogenic Fungi .........................................................33
7 To Study About the Preparation of Different Media for the Culturing Plant Pathogenic Fungi .........................................................41
8 To Study About the Collection of Plant Disease Samples ....................49
9 To Study About the Isolation of Plant Pathogens from Different Resources ...............................................................................55
10 To Study About the Symptomology of Different Plant Diseases ..........59
11 To Study About the Staining Techniques Used in Plant Pathology ......63
12 To Study About the Preservation Techniques of Microorganism used in Plant Pathology ...............................................67
13 To Study About the Acid-fast Staining of Bacteria ...............................71
14 To Study About the Bacterial Spore (Endospore) Staining of Bacteria .................................................................................................75
15 To Study About Proving Plant Pathogenicity and Koch’s Postulates ...79
16 To Study About Preparation of Basic Liquid Broth Media for Cultivation of Bacteria ..........................................................................83
17 To Study About the DNA Isolation Technique to Isolate DNA of Plant Pathogens .................................................................................87
EXPERIMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY
1 To Learn Collection, Mounting and Preservation Techniques of Insects ...............................................................................................91
2 To Examine and Note the External Morphology of Grasshopper .........97
3 To Study About the Head of Insect .......................................................99
4 To Observe the Different Parts of Typical Antenna and Its Modification ...................................................................................103
5 To Study Biting and Chewing Type of Mouthparts of Grasshopper ...107
6 To Observe the Modifications Occurring in the Mouthparts in Comparison ........................................................................................109
7 To Observe the Different Parts of a Typical Leg and Its Modifications ..................................................................................115
8 To Study Various Modifications of Insect Wings ................................121
9 To Study the Typical Wing of An Insect .............................................123
10 To Study the External Genital Organs of Male and Female Grasshopper ............................................................................125
11 To Study the Structure and Position of Alimentary Canal Within the Insect Body ........................................................................129
12 To Study the Nervous System Along with the Position of Brain, Thoracic Ganglion, Abdominal, Ganglion and the Ramification of Nerve Cord ................................................................131
13 To Study the Different Parts of Reproductive System of Grasshopper Provided .........................................................................133
14 To Study About the Phylum Arthropoda .............................................137
15 To Study About the Insect Classification ............................................141
16 To Study the Various Orders of Class Insecta .....................................143
17 To Study the Various Orders of Class Insecta .....................................157
EXPERIMENTS OF NEMATOLOGY
1 To Study About Morphology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes ...............169
2 To Study About Body Wall of Plant Parasitic Nematodes ..................175
3 To Study About Digestive System of Plant Parasitic Nematodes .......183
4 To Study About Reproductive System of Plant Parasitic Nematodes ...........................................................................................189
5 To Study About Nervous System of Plant Parasitic Nematodes .........195
6 To Study About Excretory System of Plant Parasitic Nematodes .......199
7 To Study About Above-ground Symptoms in Plants Caused by Nematodes ...........................................................................................201
8 To Study About Below-ground Symptoms in Plants Caused by Nematodes ...........................................................................................207
9 To Study About Sampling Techniques of Plant Parasitic Nematodes ...........................................................................................213
10 To Study About the Cobb’s Sieving and Decanting Method of Nematodes Extraction .........................................................................217
11 To Study About the Modified Baermann Funnel Technique of Nematodes Extraction .........................................................................221
12 To Study About the Centrifugal Flotation Method of Nematodes Extraction .........................................................................225
13 To Study About the Mist Chamber Technique of Nematodes Extraction ............................................................................................227
14 To Study About the Root Maceration Technique of Nematodes Extraction .........................................................................229
15 To Study About the Direct Examination of Plant Tissue Affected by Nematodes .......................................................................231
16 To Study About the Handling, Picking and Killing of Plant Parasitic Nematodes ...................................................................235
17 To Study About the Fixing and Staining of Plant Parasitic
Nematodes ...........................................................................................243
Appendices ..........................................................................................247
References ...........................................................................................251
