The book entitled “Protected Cultivation Technologies for Climate Smart Agriculture” encompasses a galore of relevant and plenteous information on all the keynotes of a course “Protected Cultivation Technologies for Climate Smart Agriculture”. For successful horticultural crop production in protected cultivation, detailed knowledge about different protected cultivation technologies is essential. The book consists of 12 chapters featuring the concepts and applications of protected cultivation technology for climate smart agriculture broadly covered with theoretical and practical approach. The first 04 chapters are particularly designed to provide detailed information on concepts, importance, advantages, present status of protected cultivation in India; types of greenhouse structures, types of nets available for structure, site selection and care to be taken during polyhouse erection; media, bed preparation and soil sterilization; Cladding material, different types; The utility of net-house and subsidy technical guidelines. In subsequent chapters, an endeavour has been made to cover the basic principles and relevance of automation technology for protected cultivation generally displaying the principals of automation for climate control along with irrigation and fertigation inside the greenhouse. Further, chapters comprise the part of general plant physiology; crop selection and cultivation of exotic vegetables, flowers and their economics for protected cultivation. Successive chapters focus on pest and disease management in polyhouse; Marketing of polyhouse produce and management. The concluding chapter of the book explores different government schemes and documentation process for the erection of protected cultivation structures. This book will be of enormous important to all the members of the scientific society involved in teaching, research and extension activities on protected cultivation. It also offers a useful for policy-makers and practicing farmers, and can be used as a textbook for post-graduate courses. In addition, this book is fruitful as a reference guide for policy-makers, practicing farmers and all students of agriculture including under-graduate, post-graduates and Ph.D. students
Dr. Sunil D. Gorantiwar is currently working as Head of Agricultural Engineering and Principal Investigator, CAAST-CSAWM, Project MPKV, Rahuri. He has published research papers in more than 30 international and 123 national journals in NAAS ranking >6 is 25, more than 72 full length research papers in the proceedings of International and National Conferences/Seminars. He has published more than 16 books. He has organized more than 100 international and national level training, seminar, conferences and symposium. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Agricultural Research and Technology having the NAAS rating of 4.18. He has received Engineering Achievement Award (2008) and Outstanding Engineer Award (2009). He has been fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India), Indian Water Resources Society and Indian Association of Hydrologists.
Dr. Prabhat Kumar, Principal Scientist & National Coordinator of World Bank (W.B.) and ICAR funded “National Agricultural Higher Education Project”, began his career as Assistant Professor (Horticulture) in the prestigious GB Pant Agricultural University, Pantnagar. He has served nearly one decade with extra assignment like Assistant Director, Model Floriculture Centre and Assistant Coordinator, International Agriculture School. He was also chosen to work in Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna University, Srinagar and Garhwal as an Associate Professor (Horticulture) and spent almost one and a half years in a Central University. He was selected as Senior Scientist in ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi and subsequently promoted to Principal Scientist. He has 17 years’ experience expertise in the field of horticulture, education and research to enhance the standard of agricultural education. He has more than 50 publications including academic papers, popular articles, manuals, books, etc. in renowned national and foreign journals. Dr Kumar has been awarded four fellowships from prestigious scientific societies and has won many awards in his career.
Dr. Mrs. J.S. Pachpute is working as Associate Professor and Co-Principal Investigator, Pune Sub Campus Center, CAAST-CSAWM, MPKV, Rahuri. She has published research papers in more than 24 International and National journals, more than 30 full length research papers in the proceedings of International and National Conferences/Seminars. She has published more than 5 books and 5 booklets. She has received Jindal Gold Medal for securing highest CGPA in M.Tech, Ford foundation Aboutthe Editors v Fellowship for South Asian Women Researcher for Ph.D., distinguished service award by Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2004-05 and Best Poster Award for Research paper, International Seminar on Global Climate Change.
Dr. Shrikant Shantaram Kulkarni is working as Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture and team member, CAAST-CSAWM, MPKV, Rahuri. He has published more than 22 scientific research papers in NAAS rated journals. He has authored 5 book chapters. He has published more than 22 popular articles in various magazines. He has published more than 30 technical papers in souvenir. He has delivered more than 04 radio talks and more than 04 TV programme telecasted.
Dr. Pradip N. Dalavi is currently working as Assistant Professor (Agricultural Engineering) at School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab). Dr. Dalavi obtained his Ph.D. degree from Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan). Dr. Dalavi worked as Research Associate (Irrigation and Drainage Engineering) at Centre for Advanced Agricultural Science and Technology (CAAST) for Climate Smart Agriculture and Water Management (CSAWM), Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri during February 2019 to December 2020. He has been awarded best poster presentation award during International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence based Future Technologies in Agriculture. He is lifetime member of Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers (ISAE), New Delhi. He has qualified two times ICAR NET exam. Dr. Dalavi has 12 scientific publications to his credit, which includes research papers,research abstract, one book chapter and popular article in NAAS rated and high impact factorjournals. He has participated in 09 National, 02 International Seminar and 6 National level training programs. He has coordinated 08 National and 01 International training programs. He has been Awarded with Prof. Shravan Saoji Vanjari Memorial award for Highest CGPA in M.Tech. (Agril. Engg.). In addition, he has been awarded with Best Teacher Award.
Polyhouse Cultivation Technology ................................................ 1
1.1 Concepts and Importance ................................................................ 1
1.2 Advantages of Protected Cultivation ............................................. 4
1.3 Present Status of Protected Cultivation in India .......................... 4
1.4 Greenhouse/Polyhouse ................................................................... 4
1.5 Types of Nets .................................................................................... 7
1.6 Shade Percentage .............................................................................. 8
7.1 Use of Skirting or Apron Films ........................................................ 9
8.1 Site Selection .......................................................................................
9.1 Care to be Taken during Erection of the Structure ........................
2. Bed Preparation and Soil Sterilization ........................................ 11
2.1 Different Types of Media and Their Properties ........................... 11
3. Cladding Material- Different Types Available in the Market, Technical Specifications and Selection Criteria .......... 19
3.1 Greenhouse Cladding Material.................................................... 19
3.2 Greenhouse Films .......................................................................... 20
3.3 Types of Plastic Films .................................................................... 24
3.4 Installation of Greenhouse Cover ................................................ 25
3.5 Maintenance of Greenhouse Cover.............................................. 25
4. The Utility of Net-House as a Cost-Effective Technology and Subsidy Guidelines-Past, Present and Future ............................ 27
4.1 Protected Cultivation .................................................................... 27
4.2 Types of Protection Structures ...................................................... 27
4.3 Selection of Structure ..................................................................... 28
4.4 Net-House ...................................................................................... 29
4.5 Factors Considered for Designing the Structures ....................... 31
4.6 Why do Some Structures Collapse ............................................... 32
4.7 Advances in the Erection Technologies under Protected Cultivation .......................... 32
4.8 Subsidy Guidelines: The Past Present and the Future .................................................................. 33
5. Automation for Climate Control, Irrigation and Fertigation: Automation Equipment Available in the Market and Their Applications .................................................... 35
5.1 Benefits of Protected Cultivation .................................................. 35
5.2 Automation Enabling Precision Farming ................................... 35
5.3 Greenhouse Automation............................................................... 36
5.4 Irrigation Automation ................................................................... 37
5.5 Fertigation Automation................................................................. 38
5.6 Remote Operations ........................................................................ 39
6. Irrigation and Fertigation Management in Greenhouse .......... 41
6.1 Merits of Micro-Irrigation System ................................................ 41
6.2 Principles of Efficient Filtration ................................................... 42
6.3 Drip Irrigation in Green House/Shade House........................... 44
6.4 Climate Control in Greenhouse.................................................... 47
6.5 Some Definitions ............................................................................ 48
6.6 Irrigation System in Greenhouse ................................................. 48
6.7 Fertigation Unit.............................................................................. 49
7. General Plant Physiology for Protected Cultivation ................. 53
7.1 General Plant Observations ......................................................... 53
7.2 Photosynthesis ............................................................................... 54
7.3 Temperature ................................................................................... 56
7.4 CO2 .................................................................................................. 56
7.5 Leaf Area ........................................................................................ 57
7.6 Water Uptake/Evaporation ......................................................... 57
7.7 Humidity ........................................................................................ 57
7.8 EC and Plant Growth .................................................................... 58
8. Crop Selection and Cultivation of Exotic Vegetables ............... 61
8.1 Requirements of the Substrate or Medium to Grow the Plants ............ 61
8.2 Media or Substrate ......................................................................... 61
8.3 Cultivation of Sweet Pepper ......................................................... 62
8.4 Cultivation of Cucumber............................................................... 66
8.5 Cultivation of Tomato ................................................................... 70
8.6 Cultivation of Lettuce .................................................................... 73
8.7 Broccoli ........................................................................................... 75
8.8 Red Cabbage .................................................................................. 76
8.9 Eggplant Cultivation ..................................................................... 76
8.10 Melon Cultivation.......................................................................... 77
8.11 Carrot Cultivation.......................................................................... 78
8.12 Beetroot Cultivation....................................................................... 79
9. Cultivation of Flowers Under Protected Conditions ................ 81
9.1 Advantages Conditions in India ................................................. 81
9.2 Planting Material ........................................................................... 82
9.3 Indian Floriculture ........................................................................ 83
9.4 The Demand for Flowers ............................................................... 84
9.5 Global Market ................................................................................ 84
9.6 Distribution Channels .................................................................. 84
9.7 Planting .......................................................................................... 85
9.8 Medium........................................................................................... 85
9.9 Staking ............................................................................................ 86
9.10 Irrigation ......................................................................................... 86
9.11 Fertigation ...................................................................................... 86
9.12 Major Pests and Diseases ............................................................. 86
9.13 Stage of Harvesting of Flowers ..................................................... 87
9.14 Post-Harvest Management of Flowers ......................................... 88
9.15 Floriculture Sustainability Initiative (FSI) ................................... 88
10. Pest and Disease Management in Polyhouse ............................. 89
10.1 Crop Protection .............................................................................. 89
10.2 Pesticide Safety Triangle ............................................................... 91
10.3 What is a Pesticide? ....................................................................... 91
10.4 Insects Pests ................................................................................... 92
10.5 Control Measures .......................................................................... 97
10.6 Rats & Rodents .............................................................................. 97
10.7 Snails and Slugs ............................................................................ 98
10.8 Biological Solution ........................................................................ 98
11. Marketing of Polyhouse Produce, Management and Crop Economics ......................................... 99
11.1 The Global Floriculture Scenario ...............................................100
11.2 Indian Floriculture Scenario.......................................................101
11.3 Factors for Growth of Indian Floriculture Industry .................102
11.4 Flower City of Vietnam: Dalat an Example ...............................102
11.5 SWOT Analysis of Indian Floriculture ......................................102
11.6 Scope in India ..............................................................................103
11.7 Artificial Flowers: Threat to Indian Floriculture ......................104
11.8 Cost Economics of Gerbera Cultivation ....................................104
12. Government Schemes and Documentation Process for the Erection of Protected Cultivation Structures ..............107
12.1 Schemes for Protected Cultivation Structure ............................107
12.2 Area Norms ..................................................................................107
12.3 Cost of Application Form and Scheme Brochure: ....................108
12.4 Documents Required from Farmer.............................................108
12.5 DocumentsRequired from Bank ................................................109
12.6 Activities Allowed for Availability of Subsidy .........................109
12.7 Subsidy Norms for Protected Cultivation .................................110
12.8 Vegetables for Subsidy Purpose .................................................112
12.9 Flowers for Subsidy Purpose ......................................................113
12.10 BIS Standards for Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipe ............................113
12.11 BIS Standards for Polyfilm..........................................................114
12.12 Air Circulation Fan .....................................................................114
12.13 Thermal Net .................................................................................114
12.14 Trellising System for Vegetables ...............................................114
12.15 Plastic Mulching..........................................................................114
12.16 Plastic Tunnel ..............................................................................115
12.17 Planting Material Subsidy ..........................................................115
12.18 Documents from Farmers ............................................................115
12.19 Documents from the Administrative Department ....................116
12.20 Documents from Erection Company .........................................116
