This textbook on the Micronutrient Nutrition in Farm Animals presents concise, up-to-date information on mineral and vitamin nutrition for livestock and poultry. The text in this textbook is categorized into three sections i.e. section A - Mineral Nutrition and section B - Vitamin Nutrition and section C - Role of Micronutrients in Oxidative Stress and Immunity. The mineral section is comprised of 20 chapters; which provide a comprehensive overview of the mineral’s history, dietary sources, distribution in the body, metabolism, biological functions, as well as their requirements, deficiency and toxicity for various animals and mineral status of common feedstuffs. The vitamin section is comprised of 16 chapters and devoted to the history of vitamins, classification, structure of different vitamins, sources, absorption and metabolism, biological functions, requirements and hypervitaminosis. The role of micronutrients in oxidative stress and immunity detailed about the oxidative stress and its impact on the immune status. A unique feature of this book is the detailed description of the practical implications of micronutrient deficiencies and excesses, and of the conditions that might result. The book is intended for undergraduate and post-graduate students with a basic understanding of animal and veterinary science. This book also forms a useful reference for veterinary practitioners and those concerned with human nutrition.
Dr. Muneendra Kumar born in village Bhawan Khera, Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh on 5th July 1982, did his primary schooling from P.B.R. Inter College Terwa Gausganj, Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh, India. He did his graduation (B.V.Sc. & A.H.) in 2007 from U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has qualified ICAR-Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) for the Master’s Degree program and completed his M.V.Sc. (Animal Nutrition) from ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, India in 2009. Dr. Kumar was awarded Institutional Fellowship and pursued his Ph.D. (Animal Nutrition) from ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India. He became Assistant Professor in the Department of Animal Nutrition on 19th October 2011 at College of Veterinary Science, DUVASU, Mathura. Dr. Kumar had a deep involvement in teaching, research, and extension on various facets of animal nutrition. His work on micronutrient nutrition specifically on the possible trace elements received considerable acclaim. Dr. Kumar has been awarded the prestigious VLIR-UOS Scholarship in 2014 for International Training Programme in Animal Nutrition (ITPDN) organized by the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent University, Belgium. Dr. Kumar was the recipient of the ANA-U.B. Singh Young Scientist award (2021), ANSI-K. Pradhan (2016) and VIFRA Young Scientist Award (2015) and many awards in the category of oral and poster presentation. He has lifetime membership of Animal Nutrition Society of India, Animal Nutrition Association, Indian Academy of Veterinary Nutrition and Animal Welfare, Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity, Indian Poultry Science Association, International Society for Environmental Information Sciences, The Indian Science Congress Association, associated member of the be-troplive, the Belgian Platform on Tropical Animal Health and Production. He is an executive (CEC) member of the Animal Nutrition Society of India and Animal Nutrition Association. He has guided 5 M.V.Sc. students. Dr. Kumar has attended two international conferences at Belgium and several national training, conferences, workshop, symposia, etc. He has published two books, 22 research articles in international journals, 43 research articles in national journals, 8 laboratory manuals for B.V.Sc. & A.H. and PG. programs and contributed a numbers of chapters in books and scientific magazines. Dr. Kumar is associated with the number of research projects.
Dr. Vijay Kumar Sharma born in the Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir on 20th June 1984, did his schooling from S.M. Jain Hr. Sec. School, Jammu, India. He did his graduation (B.V.Sc. & A.H.) in 2008 from Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-J), Jammu, India. He has qualified ICAR- Junior Research Fellowship (IRF) for the Master’s Degree program and completed his M.V.Sc. (Animal Nutrition) from ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, India in the year 2010. Dr. Sharma was awarded Institutional Fellowship and pursued his Ph.D. (Animal Nutrition) from ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India. Presently, he is a Subject Matter Specialist (Animal Sciences) at KVK Kathua, SKUAST-Jammu. Dr. Sharma had a deep involvement in extension, research and teaching on various facets of animal sciences. His work on the unconventional feeds, residual feed intake, energy and protein metabolism has been widely appreciated. Dr. Sharma has been awarded the prestigious VLIR-UOS Scholarship in 2015 for International Training Programme in Animal Nutrition (ITPDN) organized by the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent University, Belgium. Dr. Sharma was conferred with the Young Scientist award (2018) by the Society of Krishi Vigyan and few other awards in the category of oral and poster presentation. He has lifetime membership of Animal Nutrition Society of India, Animal Nutrition Association, Indian Academy of Veterinary Nutrition and Animal Welfare, Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity, Society for Integrated Development of Agriculture, Veterinary, Ecological Sciences, Society of Krishi Vigyan. Associated member of the be-troplive, the Belgian Platform on Tropical Animal Health and Production. He is an executive (CEC) member of the Animal Nutrition Society of India and Animal Nutrition Association. Dr. Sharma attended two international conferences at Belgium and several national training, conferences, workshop, symposia. He has published one book, more than 35 research articles in peered journals and contributed numbers of chapters in books and scientific magazine. Dr. Sharma is presently associated with the number of research projects.
Dr. Veena Mani is working as a Principal Scientist in the discipline of Animal Nutrition. She joined the Agricultural Research Services in 1985. In the early years of her service, she worked in the area of protection of proteins and lipids forimproved production performance of dairy animals. Since the last one and a half decade, she is doing research in the area of micronutrients with an emphasis on mineral nutrition. She had conducted a number of experiments to study the effect of different toxic metals (As, Cd and Pb) on growth and milk production as well as the secretion of these metals through milk. Studies were also convened in the direction of amelioration of adverse effects of these toxic metals by dietary supplementation of certain binders and anti-oxidants. Apart from this, generated the database on the status of toxic and essential heavy metals in feeds, fodders milk and water from Haryana. Presently, she is working in the area of newer trace elements (chromium, boron and vanadium) which may have a beneficial role in ruminant rations. The dietary requirements of Cr have been established for growing and lactating animals which can be advocated in mineral mixtures for better immune health as well as productive performance even under physiological or climatic stress conditions. She also generated the information on the bioavailability of major and trace minerals from commonly used feedstuffs. During her research carrier, Dr. Mani has guided 15 Masters and 7 Ph.D. students. She has published more than 80 research papers in high impact journals and has several invited papers. She has published several other publications like folders, technical bulletin, technical papers, book chapters and popular articles to her credit. She has authored and edited technical manuals for mineral analysis, a handbook on milk analysis and also contributed to “Nutrient Requirements of Cattle and Buffaloes” published by ICAR. To her credit are also two books in Hindi which provide information on feeding aspects of dairy animals. She developed technology for the formulation of area specific mineral mixture and anionic mineral mixture and the latter has proved a potential strategy for transition animals and is showing good results at farmer’s door. Dr. Mani is associated with a number ofresearch projects. She has a membership in various professional societies.
Dr. Gulab Chandra was born in District Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh. He has completed his B.V.Sc. & A.H. degree program in 2007 from NDUAT, Kumarganj, Faizabad. He has qualified ICAR-JRF for the master degree program and completed MVSc in Veterinary Physiology from ICARNational Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, India in the year 2009. Dr. Chandra has been awarded NDRI-Institutional Fellowship for the Ph.D. degree program and completed his Ph.D. degree program in 2012 from NDRI, Karnal, Haryana. He has qualified ICAR-National Eligibility Test in 2010. Dr. Chandra received Merit Certificate for Academic Excellence in Ph.D. (Animal Physiology). He acted as a member of Board of Studies for the Division of Dairy Cattle Physiology for academic session 2010-12 and 2011-12. He has started his carrier as Veterinary Officer in Animal Husbandry Department, Uttar Pradesh in 2011. Dr. Chandra has joined as Assistant Professor (Veterinary Physiology) in the Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, About the Authors / vii College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh on 27th January 2014. Dr. Chandra received Young Scientist Award (2020), Best Paper Published Award (2019), and several best oral and poster presentation awards. Dr. Chandra has lifetime membership of Animal Physiologists Association (APA), Society of Animal Physiologists of India (SAPI), and Society for World Environment, Food, and Technology (SWEFT). He has published 12 research articles in the international journal, 32 research articles in the national journal, 10 review articles, and 6 manuals for B.V.Sc. & A.H. program, and also published many book chapters in various books and magazines.
A. Mineral Nutrition .............................................................................. 1
A-1. Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) ....................................... 5
A-2. Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl)........................................... 13
A-3. Potassium (K) ......................................................................... 17
A-4. Magnesium (Mg).................................................................... 21
A-5. Sulphur (S) .............................................................................. 26
A-6. Iron (Fe) ................................................................................... 30
A-7. Copper (Cu)............................................................................ 36
A-8. Molybdenum (Mo)................................................................. 42
A-9. Manganese (Mn) .................................................................... 44
A-10. Zinc (Zn) ................................................................................. 48
A-11. Cobalt (Co).............................................................................. 51
A-12. Iodine (I) .................................................................................. 53
A-13. Fluorine (F).............................................................................. 57
A-14. Chromium (Cr) ...................................................................... 59
A-15. Toxic minerals; Arsenic (As) ............................................... 61
A-16. Mercury (Hg) .......................................................................... 62
A-17. Cadmium (Cd) ....................................................................... 63
A-18. Lead (Pb) ................................................................................. 64
A-19. Selenium (Se) .......................................................................... 65
A-20. Mineral status of feeds and fodders ................................... 67
B. Vitamin Nutrition............................................................................ 69
B-1. Fat soluble vitamins; Vitamin A (Anti-infective vitamin) ........................................................ 72
B-2. Vitamin D (Anti-rachitic vitamin)...................................... 82
B-3. Vitamin E (a-Tocopherol, Anti-oxidant vitamin, Anti-sterility vitamin, Beauty vitamin) .............................. 89
B-4. Vitamin K (anti-haemorrhagic vitamin) ........................... 96
B-5. Water soluble vitamins; Vitamin B ...................................100
B-6. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin/Aneurin/Vitamin F) ....................102
B-7. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin/Vitamin G)..................................107
B-8. Niacin (Nicotinamide/Nicotinic acid/Vitamin B3 ) .......111
B-9. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine/Pyridoxal/Pyridoxamine) ......116
B-10. Pantothenic acid (Pantothenate/Vitamin B5 ) ................119
B-11. Biotin (Coenzyme R/Vitamin H)......................................122
B-12. Folic acid (Pteroylmonoglutamic acid/Folacin/ Vitamin M/Vitamin Be/Vitamin B10/Vitamin B11) ......125
B-13. Vitamin B12 (APF/APA factor/Chick growth factor/Cow manure factor/Zoopherin) .........................127
B-14. Choline (Vidin).....................................................................129
B-15. Inositol (Vitamin B8 ) ............................................................131
B-16. Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid)..............................................132
C. Role of Micronutrients in Oxidative Stress and Immunity..........................................................................................135
