Basic Thermal Engineering

Basic Thermal Engineering

by N.S. Rathore, Chitranjan Agrawal
 
  • ISBN: 9789394023260
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Year: 2023
  • Language: English
PRICE:  US $ 40.00
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Prof. N. S. Rathore is Vice Chancellor, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur. He did M. Tech. from I.I.T., Delhi and Ph.D. from Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner. He has 42 years of vast experience in several prestigious institute of India including Deputy Director General (Education) and Deputy Director General (Engg.) in Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Founder Vice Chancellor of Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner- Jaipur. He has 350 Publications in his credit as research papers in referred International and National Journal, Conference Proceedings, Text, Reference and Edited books, Review reports, Booklets, etc. Supervised more than 60 Ph. D. and Masters students, Organized more than 115 Trainings, Executed 70 R&D and Consultancy projects at International and National level. He has been endowed by several prestigious Awards & Fellowship including Life time achievement award, Young Scientist award, Outstanding Book award, Global Dairy Innovation award and visited 13 countries for R&D activities and other International assignments.

Dr. Chitranjan Agrawal is working as Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at College of Technology and Engineering, a constituted college of Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur. He has completed his B. E. from MNIT, Jaipur, M. Tech. from I.I.T., Delhi and awarded his Ph. D. from the IIT, Roorkee. He has more than 25 years of experience that includes 05 years of Industrial and 20 years of Teaching experience. He has 85 publications in his credit including research papers in peer reviewed Journals and Conferences of National and International levels, Text and Edited books, Book Chapters, Lab manuals. He was instrumental in organizing 16 Workshops, Training programs and Seminars in addition to three Projects and recipient of several recognitions. He is an active member of Reviewer and Editorial board for several National and International Journals

1. Basic Concept of Thermodynamics................................................ 1

Introduction ..................................................................................... 1

1.1 Thermodynamics Systems ....................................................... 1

1.2 Thermodynamic Properties ..................................................... 3

1.3 Thermodynamic State and Equilibrium ................................ 4

1.4 Thermodynamic Process and Cycles ..................................... 5

1.5 Gas Laws ..................................................................................... 9

1.6 Pressure ................................................................................... 11

1.7 Temperature ............................................................................. 12

1.8 Energy ....................................................................................... 13

1.8.1 Kinetic energy ......................................................... 13

1.8.2 Potential energy ...................................................... 14

1.8.3 Internal energy ....................................................... 14

1.9 Enthalpy ................................................................................... 15

1.10 Heat............................................................................................ 16

1.10.1 Specific heat ............................................................ 16

1.10.2 Relationship between specific heat ..................... 17

1.10.3 Heat capacity .......................................................... 19

1.11 Work .......................................................................................... 19

1.11.1 Mechanical work.................................................... 20

1.11.2 Moving boundary work ........................................ 21

1.11.3 Spring work............................................................. 23

1.11.4 Shaft work ............................................................... 24

1.11.5 Flow work................................................................ 25 

1.12 Work done in Different Thermodynamic Processes ......... 26

1.12.1 Constant volume process (Isochoric process) ... 26

1.12.2 Constant pressure (Isobaric process) .................. 27

1.12.3 Constant temperature (Isothermal process)...... 27

1.12.4 Polytropic process (PVn = constant) ................... 28

1.13 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics ......................................... 29

Solved Problems ....................................................................... 30

2. First Law of Thermodynmics ......................................................... 41

Introduction ........................................................................................ 41

2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics .............................................. 41

2.2 Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Non-flow Process ............................... 45

2.2.1 Constant volume process (Isochoric process, V = constant) ........................ 45

2.2.2 Constant pressure process (Isochoric process, P = constant) ......................... 46

2.2.3 Constant temperature process (Isothermal or Hyperbolic process, T = constant) .................. 47

2.2.4 Adiabatic process (Isentropic process, PV g = constant) .................. 49

2.2.5 Polytropic process (PVn constant)........................ 52

2.3 Free Expansion ........................................................................ 54

2.4 Application of First Law of Thermodynamics to Flow Process ............. 55

2.5 Steady and Unsteady Flow Process ..................................... 57

2.6 Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE).................................. 57

2.7 Steady Flow Energy Equation for Two Stream of Fluid ......................................... 60

2.8 Work done in Steady Flow Process ...................................... 61

2.8.1 Constant volume process (V = Constant) ........................... 62

2.8.2 Constant pressure process (P = Constant) ......................... 62

2.8.3 Constant temperature process (T = Constant) .................. 63

2.8.4 Adiabatic process (PVg = Constant)..................................... 63

2.8.5 Polytropic process (PVg = Constant) .................................... 64

2.9 Nozzles and Diffuser.............................................................. 64

2.10 Turbine and Rotary Compressor.......................................... 66

2.11 Reciprocating Compressor .................................................... 67

2.12 Boiler.......................................................................................... 68

2.13 Condenser................................................................................. 69

2.14 Throttling Device ..................................................................... 70

Solved Problems ....................................................................... 71

3. Second Law of Thermodynamics ................................................. 93

Introduction ........................................................................................ 93

3.1 Limitation of First Law of Thermodynamics ..................... 93

3.2 Elements of Heat Engine ........................................................ 95

3.3 Refrigerator and Heat Pump................................................. 97

3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics ......................................... 99

3.5 Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements ............................102

3.6 Carnot Theorem ....................................................................107

Solved Problems .....................................................................110

4. ENTROPY ........................................................................................129

Introduction ......................................................................................129

4.1 Clausius Inequality ...............................................................129

4.2 Entropy....................................................................................132

4.2.1 Increase of entropy principle .............................134

4.2.2 Entropy change ....................................................136

4.2.3 Definition of entropy ...........................................137

4.3 Temperature Entropy Plot ...................................................139

4.3.1 Isentropic process .................................................140

4.3.2 Temperature entropy relation............................140

4.4 Change in Entropy for Perfect Gas ....................................142 

4.4.1 Change in entropy in term of change in volume & temperature .....................142

4.4.2 Change in entropy in terms of pressure and volume ...........................................142

4.4.3 Change in entropy in terms of pressure and temperature ..................................143

4.5 Change in Entropy for a Perfect Gas during Thermodynamic Process .....................144

4.5.1 Change in entropy for constant volume process (Isochoric process) .................................144

4.5.2 Change in entropy for constant pressure process (Isobaric process) ...................................145

4.5.3 Change in entropy for reversible adiabatic process (Isentropic process)................................147

4.5.4 Change in entropy for constant temperature process (Isothermal process) .......147

4.5.5 Change in entropy for polytropic process .......149

Solved Problems ...................................................151

5. Properties of Pure Substance ......................................................171

Introduction ......................................................................................171

5.1 Pure Substance ......................................................................171

5.2 Phases of Pure Substance.....................................................172

5.3 Phase Change Process of Pure Substance.........................173

5.3.1 Saturation temperature and saturation pressure ..............................................175

5.4 Phase Change Process on Property Diagrams .................176

5.4.1 T-v diagram ...........................................................176

5.4.2 P-v diagram ...........................................................178

5.4.3 P-T diagram...........................................................180

5.4.4 P-v-T surfaces........................................................180

5.5 Property Tables ......................................................................181

5.5.1 Saturated liquid and saturated vapour states .........................................................183 

5.5.2 Saturated liquid-vapour mixture ......................183

5.5.3 Superheated vapour ............................................184

5.5.4 Reference properties (Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy) ...............185

5.6 Thermodynamic Processes with Steam.............................188

5.6.1 Constant volume process, (v=constant)...........188

5.6.2 Constant pressure process (P=constant)..........189

5.6.3 Constant temperature or isothermal process (T=constant)............................................189

5.6.4 Hyperbolic process (Pv=constant) ....................191

5.6.5 Adiabatic process (q=0) ......................................192

5.6.6 Polytropic process (PVn=constant)....................192

5.6.7 Throttling process (h=constant) ........................193

5.7 Mollier Diagram (h-s Diagram) ..........................................194

Solved Problems .....................................................................195

6. Vapour Power Cycle ......................................................................219

Introduction ......................................................................................219

6.1 Desirable Properties of Working Fluid Used in Power Cycle ........................................220

6.2 Carnot Cycle ..........................................................................221

6.3 Limitation of Carnot Cycle ..................................................223

6.4 Performance Parameters for Vapour Power Cycle.........224

6.5 Rankine Cycle ........................................................................225

6.6 Factor affecting Efficiency of Rankine Cycle ...................228

Solved Problems .....................................................................232

7. Steam Generators and Steam Engine ........................................247

Introduction ......................................................................................247

7.1 Basic requirement of a Good Boiler....................................247

7.2 Classification of Boiler ..........................................................247

7.3 Lancashire Boiler ...................................................................248

7.4 Cochran Boiler .......................................................................250 

7.5 Locomotive Boiler..................................................................251

7.6 Babcox and Wilcox Boiler ....................................................252

7.7 Boiler Mountings ...................................................................253

7.8 Pressure Gauge ......................................................................254

7.9 Water Level Indicator...........................................................254

7.10 Safety Valve ............................................................................255

7.10.1 Spring loaded safety valve..................................255

7.10.2 Lever operated safety valve................................256

7.10.3 Dead weight safety valve ...................................257

7.10.4 High-steam low-water safety valve ..................257

7.11 Steam Stop Valve ..................................................................258

7.12 Feed Check Valve ..................................................................259

7.13 Blow Off Cock Valve ............................................................260

7.14 Fusible Plug ............................................................................261

7.15 Boiler Accessories ..................................................................262

7.16 Feed Pump and Injector.......................................................262

7.16.1 Reciprocating pumps ..........................................262

7.16.2 Centrifugal pumps ...............................................263

7.16.3 Injector ...................................................................263

7.17 Superheater ............................................................................264

7.18 Economizer.............................................................................265

7.19 Air Preheater..........................................................................266

7.20 Steam Engine .........................................................................267

7.20.1 Construction details .............................................267

7.20.2 Working principle ................................................268

7.21 Compounding of Steam Engine .........................................269

7.22 Compounding Methods .......................................................270

7.22.1 Tandem compound engine ................................270

7.22.2 Woolf compound engine.....................................270

7.22.3 Receiver compound engine ................................271 

8. Gas Power Cycles...........................................................................273

Introduction ......................................................................................273

8.1 Ideal and Air Standard Cycle .............................................273

8.2 Air Standard Cycle Parameters ..........................................275

8.3 Otto Cycle (Constant Volume Cycle) ................................276

8.3.1 Thermal efficiency of Otto cycle ........................277

8.3.2 Work ratio of Otto cycle......................................280

8.3.3 Mean effective pressure (mep) of Otto cycle ...281

8.3.4 Condition for maximum work ..........................284

8.4 Diesel Cycle ............................................................................285

8.4.1 Thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle .....................286

8.4.2 Mean effective pressure of Diesel cycle ............288

8.5 Dual Cycle ..............................................................................290

8.5.1 Thermal efficiency of Dual cycle .......................291

8.5.2 Mean effective pressure of Dual cycle ..............293

8.6 Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle ....................295

8.6.1 Same compression ratio and heat input ..........295

8.6.2 Same compression ratio and heat rejected ......296

8.6.3 Same maximum pressure and heat input .......297

8.6.4 Same maximum pressure and work output ...298

8.6.5 Same maximum pressure and temperature ....298

Solved Problems ...................................................299

9. Internal Combustion Engine........................................................337

Introduction ......................................................................................337

9.1 Classification of IC Engines .................................................337

9.2 Cycle of Operation ................................................................338

9.2.1 Otto cycle ...............................................................338

9.2.2 Diesel cycle ............................................................340

9.3 IC Engine Terminology ........................................................341

9.4 Engine Mechanism and Construction ...............................342

9.4.1 Engine Mechanism................................................................343

9.4.2 Engine construction .............................................343

9.4.3 Cylinder .................................................................343

9.4.4 Cylinder head .......................................................344

9.4.5 Piston ......................................................................344

9.4.6 Piston rings ............................................................344

9.4.7 Gudgeon pin .........................................................345

9.4.8 Connecting rod .....................................................345

9.4.9 Crank and crankshaft .........................................345

9.4.10 Crankcase ..............................................................346

9.4.11 Flywheel .................................................................346

9.4.12 Valve and valve operating mechanism ............346

9.4.13 Spark plug .............................................................347

9.4.14 Carburetor .............................................................347

9.4.15 Fuel pump and injector.......................................347

9.5 Four Stroke IC Engines .........................................................348

9.5.1 Suction stroke........................................................348

9.5.2 Compression stroke .............................................349

9.5.3 Expansion stroke ..................................................349

9.5.4 Exhaust stroke ......................................................349

9.6 Valve Timing of Four Stroke Engine ..................................349

9.6.1 Mechanical factors ...............................................350

9.6.2 Dynamic factors ...................................................350

9.6.3 Inlet valve timing..................................................350

9.6.4 Exhaust valve timing ...........................................350

9.7 Four Stroke Petrol Engine ....................................................351

9.7.1 Spark timing ..........................................................352

9.8 Four Stroke Diesel Engine ....................................................353

9.9 Two Stroke IC Engines .........................................................354

9.9.1 Working of two stroke engine............................355

9.9.2 Compression stroke .............................................355 

9.9.3 Power stroke .........................................................355

9.9.4 Scavenging process ..............................................356

9.9.5 Actual indicator and valve timing diagram for two stroke petrol engine .....................................356

9.9.6 Actual indicator and valve timing diagram for two-stroke diesel engine ...............357

9.10 Fuel System of Petrol Engine ...............................................358

9.10.1 Components of fuel system ................................358

9.10.2 Carburetor .............................................................359

9.10.3 Basic requirements of a carburetor ...................359

9.10.4 Simple carburetor.................................................359

9.10.5 Limitation of simple carburetor.........................361

9.11 Fuel System of Diesel Engine...............................................363

9.11.1 Type of injection system......................................364

9.11.2 Fuel pump..............................................................365

9.11.3 Fuel injector...........................................................367

9.11.4 Nozzle ....................................................................369

9.11.5 Types of nozzles ...................................................369

9.12 Ignition System of SI Engine ...............................................370

9.13 Battery Ignition System ........................................................371

9.13.1 Ignition coil............................................................371

9.13.2 Contact breaker ....................................................372

9.13.3 Distributor .............................................................372

9.13.4 Spark plug .............................................................372

9.13.5 Working .................................................................373

9.13.6 Dwell angle ...........................................................374

9.13.7 Firing order............................................................374

9.14 Magneto Ignition System .....................................................374

9.15 Comparison of SI and CI Engine .......................................375

9.16 Comparison of Two Stroke and Four Stroke Engines ....376

Appendices ......................................................................................381