There has always been an insatiable need to estimate the availability of livestock feed and fodder in the country, in relation to what is required. Although there were a number of estimates of feed and fodder available and required for livestock, these estimates were unfortunately less compatible and less accurate, as the methodologies used for these estimations were either less realistic or relied too much on vague assumptions. Since the feed and fodder required by the livestock come from multivarious sources like grains, crop residues, pasture land, forest cover, common property resources, etc., it has often been a difficult task to estimate what is available and required in terms of livestock feed and fodder. Hence, there had only been approximations rather than estimations, based on too many less-realistic assumptions. Hence, an attempt was made to develop more realistic methodologies for estimating livestock feed and fodder availability and requirement in Tamil Nadu. The methodologies and procedures so developed are given in the form of formula and hence, any user needs only to plug in the values in the appropriate formula for his/her area and period to arrive at the results. Hence, these estimation methodologies will not highly be useful for estimating the feed and fodder availability and requirement for livestock, but also will help to devise plans for augmenting the feed and fodder availability and minimizing the supply-demand gap in feed and fodder situation.
Dr. M. Thirunavukkarasu is currently the Professor and Head, Dept. of Livestock Business Management, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India). He graduated from Madras Veterinary College in the year 1986, did his post-graduation in Agricultural Economics at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (1987-90), Coimbatore and Doctorate in Animal Husbandry Economics (1993-96) at TANUVAS, Chennai. He joined the TANUVAS, Chennai in 1989 as Assistant Professor and was promoted as Associate Professor in 1997. He was elevated as the Professor of Animal Husbandry Statistics and Computer Applications in 2000. Considering his eminent achievements in education, research, extension, administration and institution building, he was then raised up as the Professor(Higher Grade) in 2011. His laudable accomplishments have also enabled him to hold the coveted posts of the Controller of Examinations, TANUVAS during 2012-15 and the Dean, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli (2016-18), besides holding the post of the Registrar, TANUVAS for a brief period from April to August, 2018. He underwent advanced training programmes on Livestock Economics and Planning and Quantitative Methods in Livestock Health and Production at the University of Reading, UK, in 1998 and training on Instructional Technology - eLearning guidelines, standards and protocols at Michigan State University, USA in 2009. He has also visited Uganda and Malawi for research and consultancy works. He has published more than 110 research papers in International and National journals, organised 3 presented more than 65 research papers (including 5 lead/invited papers) in International and National Conferences/Seminars, edited 11 books and authored 16 books, teaching manuals and booklets. He has been bestowed with 19 awards including the Best PG Student Award, Best Teacher Award, Best Scientist Award and Lifetime Achievement Award in his professional career spanning more than 32 years. He has implemented 21 Research Projects funded by National and International agencies including ICAR, NAIP, FAO, USDA, GoI, GoTN, AWBI, etc. He has started four new post-graduate programmes - MVSc, MFSc and MSc in Biostatistics (2011-12) and PG Diploma in Animal Health Economics (2019-20). He has contributed significantly in the areas of Livestock Economics, Animal Health Economics, Bio-statistics, IT Applications in Animal Sciences and Development of e-Courses for Veterinary Education. Aboutthe Author v Crop and animal agriculture have been a source of sustainable livelihood to millions of rural poor in India since time immemorial. These rural enterprises have not only been supplementary, but also complementary with the output of one becoming the input for the other, having numerous forward and backward linkages between them. However, the innate linkages between these two sub-sectors have not been fully and aptly understood/exploited, mainly because of lack of information on the nature and magnitude of such relationships. With the Indian livestock and poultry surviving solely on the output of grains, crop residues, pasture land, forest cover, common property resources, etc., there is only less adequate information available on how much of them are really available for the livestock to survive, sustain and support, in relation to what is really needed. Quite often, the feed and fodder estimates are less compatible and less accurate, as the quality of the data on which these estimates are drawn is poor. Hence, there has always been an insatiable need to estimate the availability of livestock feed and fodder in the country, in relation to what is required. Though many attempts were made in the past to estimate the livestock feed and fodder availability in the country, most of these attempts aimed at estimating livestock feed and fodder availability assumed the availability of different feeds to their production and production to actual consumption by livestock, which is often less realistic. Scarcity of feed and fodder has been the major limiting factor in improving livestock productivity in India, as the available feed and fodder are often unable to meet the vast and increasing demand created by the unquenchable hunger of the genetically improved ‘indefatigable’ livestock. The increasing high production potentials of India’s livestock can never be realized unless they are fed with adequate quantum of feed and fodder. In this context, we must first assess what amount of feed and fodder are available for the livestock in relation to what is required. Also, since the feed and fodder meant to be utilized by livestock come from multi-various sources like grains, crop residues, pasture land, forest cover, common property resources, etc., it has often been a difficult task to estimate what is available and required in terms of livestock feed and fodder. Hence, there has only been approximations rather than estimations, based on too many less-realistic assumptions. In the absence of any reliable approach and procedure for measuring the feed and fodder Preface vii Preface / viii availability and requirement, the planners and administrators of livestock sector have often been at stake with respect to developing a policy framework for livestock development. With this background, a study was conducted to develop suitable methodologies for estimating livestock feed and fodder availability and requirement in Tamil Nadu. The methodologies developed in this study were based on the literature, results of the exclusive sample surveys conducted and effective and meaningful deliberations/interactions with livestock and nutrition specialists, besides pilot testing of the preliminary results of the study. Hence, the methodologies developed in this study are not only highly useful for estimating the feed and fodder availability and requirement for livestock, but also could be efficiently used by the planners, administrators and policy-makers of the livestock sector to know what is available, so as to effectively devise plans for augmenting the feed and fodder availability and minimizing the supply-demand mismatch with regard to feed and fodder situation. Fruitful discussions with experts, thorough literature search and productive results of the survey, which all led to an abundant supply of data and information for developing methodologies, the methods and procedures developed in this study will remain as effective tools for the planners and scientists in the field. The output of this study can be considered as superior in atleast three counts-1. The methodologies and procedures developed are given in the form of formula and hence, any user needs only to plug in the values in the appropriate formula for his/her area and period to arrive at results; 2. While most past studies, if not all, had not considered the green fodder output from cultivated fodder and or sugarcane tops, while this study has done it; and 3. There were two methods considered for estimating feed and fodder requirement and hence could be quite helpful in differing livestock farming situations.
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Preamble ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem focus .................................................................................. 2
1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of the study........................................................................... 3
1.5 Limitations of the study ................................................................ 4
2. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY ................................................. 7
2.1 Tamil Nadu – The agro-climatic Profile ..................................... 7
2.1.1 Agro-climatic Zones of the State ....................................... 7
2.1.2 Rainfall in Different agro-climatic Zones ........................ 8
2.1.3 Soil Types in Different agro-climatic Zones .................... 9
2.1.4 Land use Pattern in Tamil Nadu..................................... 10
2.2 Visit to Leading Animal Nutrition Institutions ...................... 12
2.2.1 Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi .................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru ......................................... 13
2.2.3 Details of Discussions ........................................................ 13
2.3 Primary and Secondary Data Collection .................................. 13
2.3.1 Primary data collected ...................................................... 15
2.3.2 Secondary data collected .................................................. 16
2.4 Technical Programme Planned and Progress Achieved ........ 17
2.4.1 Technical Progamme Planned .......................................... 17
2.4.2 Progress achieved .............................................................. 17
2.5 Collaborative Efforts for the Study........................................... 18
2.6 Development of Methodologies for Estimating Livestock Feed and Fodder Availability .................. 18
2.6.1 Methodology for estimating green fodder availability for livestock in Tamil Nadu ........................ 19
2.6.1.1 Estimation of green fodder produced from the cultivated fodder using the seeds and slips distributed ............................................ 20
2.6.1.2 Estimation of green fodder from the data available in Season and Crop Reports of Government of Tamil Nadu............................... 21
2.6.1.3 Estimation of green fodder from forest and other Common Property Resources ......... 21
2.6.2 Methodology for estimating the availability of dry fodder for livestock in Tamil Nadu................ 23
2.6.2.1 Dry fodder from crop residues ......................... 23
2.6.3 Methodology for estimating the availability of concentrates for livestock in Tamil Nadu .......... 24
2.6.3.1 Concentrates from grains ................................... 25
2.6.3.2 Concentrates from oilcakes ................................ 25
2.6.3.3 Concentrates from rice bran .............................. 25
2.6.3.4 Concentrates from bhusa ..................................... 26
2.7 Organization of Workshop on Methodology for Estimating Livestock Feed and Fodder Availability in Tamil Nadu ................................................................................ 26
2.8 Conduct of Pilot Study to Refine the Methodologies Developed ................................................... 27
2.9 Estimation of Feed and Fodder Requirement for Livestock in Tamil Nadu ............................... 30
2.9.1 Procedure-1: Estimation of feed and fodder requirement using the rule of 2.5 per cent dry matter requirement............................................................ 31
2.9.2 Procedure-2: Estimation of feed and fodder requirement using the canon of eight kg of green fodder and one kg of dry fodder per 100 kg of body weight and 500 g of concentrate feed for every kg of milk produced............................................... 31
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................ 35
3.1 Area and production of principal crops in Tamil Nadu ........ 35
3.1.1 Per cent area under principal crops in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 ............................................... 36
3.1.2 Area under food crops in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 Cereals ................................................ 37
3.1.3 Area under food crops in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 Pulses ............................................ 39
3.1.4 Area under non-food crops in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 ............................................ 41
3.1.5 Area under oilseeds in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 ............ 42
3.1.6 Area under fodder crops in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 ....... 44
3.2 Average Area Under Crops (of five years ending 2007-08) in Tamil Nadu ..................... 45
3.2.1 Average area under cereals (of five years ending 2007-08) in Tamil Nadu .............. 46
3.2.2 Average area under pulses (of five years ending 2007-08) in Tamil Nadu .............. 49
3.2.3 Average area under non-food crops (of five years ending 2007-08) in Tamil Nadu .............. 50
3.3 Production of Principal Crops in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 ...... 52
3.3.1 Production of cereals in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 .......... 52
3.3.2 Production of pulses (and total food grains) in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 .............. 54
3.3.3 Production of non-food crops in Tamil Nadu in 2007-08 ........................................ 56
3.4 Average Annual Production of Crops in the Last Five Years Ending 2007–08 ................................ 58
3.4.1 Average annual production of cereals in Tamil Nadu ....................................... 58
3.4.2 Average annual production of pulses in Tamil Nadu ............................................ 60
3.4.3 Average annual production of non-food crops in Tamil Nadu ............................................. 62
3.5 Methodologies for estimating livestock feed and fodder availability – The revised procedures based on the outcome of the workshop and pilot study .................. 64
3.5.1 Estimation of green fodder availability for livestock in Tamil Nadu................................ 64
3.5.1.1 Green fodder from cultivated fodder obtained from seeds and slips distributed by various agencies.............. 64
3.5.1.2 Green fodder from the data available in Season and Crop Reports ................................... 64
3.5.1.3 Green fodder from forest................................... 65
3.5.1.4 Green fodder from other CPRs (Pasture land, fallow land, waste land, etc.) ................... 65
3.5.1.5 Estimation of green fodder from field bunds ............................................................. 65
3.5.1.6 Estimation of green fodder from sugarcane crop ...................................................... 66
3.5.2 Estimation of dry fodder availability for livestock in Tamil Nadu............................ 66
3.5.3 Estimation of concentrates availability for livestock in Tamil Nadu.............................. 66
3.5.3.1 Concentrates from grains ................................... 66
3.5.3.2 Concentrates from oilcakes ................................ 66
3.5.3.3 Concentrates from rice bran .............................. 67
3.5.3.4 Concentrates from bhusa ..................................... 67
3.6 Estimated Livestock Feed and Fodder Availability in Tamil Nadu ...................... 67
3.6.1 Estimated green fodder availability in Tamil Nadu ........................................... 67
3.6.2 Estimated dry fodder availability from cereals in Tamil Nadu ............................... 69
3.6.3 Estimated dry fodder availability from pulses in Tamil Nadu ................................ 70
3.6.4 Estimated total dry fodder availability in Tamil Nadu .......................... 71
3.6.5 Estimated availability of concentrates from cereals in Tamil Nadu ....................................................... 81 3.6.6 Estimated availability of concentrates from pulses in Tamil Nadu ........................................................ 82
3.6.7 Estimated availability of concentrates from oilcakes in Tamil Nadu .................................... 83
3.6.8 Estimated availability of total concentrates in Tamil Nadu ............................................... 91
3.6.9 Estimated availability of total livestock feed and fodder in Tamil Nadu ....................... 92
3.7 Estimation of Livestock Feed and Fodder Requirement in Tamil Nadu ......................... 96
3.7.1 Livestock population in adult cattle units (ACUs) in the State ................................... 96
3.7.2 Estimated requirement (based on 2.5 kg of dry matter per 100 kg body weight– Procedure-1) of feed and fodder for livestock in Tamil Nadu ....... 102
3.7.3 Estimated requirement (based on the requirement of eight and one kg of green and dry fodder, respectively, per 100 kg body weight and 500 g of concentrate per kg of milk produced– Procedure-2) of feed and fodder for livestock in Tamil Nadu ................................................................... 104
3.8 Feed and Fodder for Livestock in Tamil Nadu – Availability Vs. Requirement..................... 105
3.8.1 Based on Procedure-1 ..................................................... 105
3.8.2 Based on Procedure-2 ..................................................... 108
3.9 Use of Compounded Concentrate Feeds in Tamil Nadu .... 112
3.10 Feed Requirement of Poultry in Tamil Nadu ........................ 113
3.11Availability Status of Livestock Feed and Fodder per ACU in Tamil Nadu .............................. 116
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 127
Conclusions .......................................................................................... 143
Policy Implications .............................................................................. 145
REFERENCES..................................................................................... 149
